This seems to be the culprit. Slightly different from pavlosdec which is 'usb-ehci'.
I am suspecting - and this is pure guess - this is a bug in the new kernel which affects some USB hardware devices. I am not experiencing these problems because of a different hardware. See this thread for some discussion regarding this.
pavlosdec is able to continue by running with downgraded USB controller in the VM. I can only suggest experimenting with the current and previous extension packs and trying out different USB controller in the VM. Or disabling the USB controllers in the VM entirely.
Otherwise the solution might be a kernel and virtualbox downgrades.
Also this looks like a good candidate for a bug report. I'm just not sure which package should handle it.