My suggestion would be to use psexec to start a command prompt in system context (psexec -i -s cmd) and test your Adobe Professional installation with an PowerShell wrapper in system context and let the setup write additional log files. Normally you get enough indicators in the log file then to resolve the issue. As soon as you have success, use the wrapper and Adobe files and generate a new .intunewin and try again with Intune. Normally a log file and test install in the same execution context (system context) is necessary to troubleshoot these failures.