A virtual human in which to assess potential toxicity would perhaps be the ideal model to develop, however, this is likely to be too big of a translational step (from rodent directly into human, without some level of non-rodent data) for acceptance by clinicians and regulators. The validation required for a model predicting human effects will also be much more difficult to achieve than acceptance of a model used to predict long-term dog study outcomes (where there may be the possibility to also validate predictions with shorter term dosing studies in dog and/or rat). Dogs used in toxicology studies are genetically less heterogeneous than the human population providing data more amenable for modelling purposes.