As result of past German immigration, there are a few German influences in the vocabulary, accent, and pronunciation of southern Chile.[10] Speakers of Chilean Spanish who also speak German or Mapudungun tend to use more impersonal pronouns (see also: Alemaol).[11] Dialects of southern Chile (Valdivia/Temuco to Chilo) are considered to have a melodic intonation (cantadito) relative to the speech in Santiago.[12] A survey among inhabitants of Santiago also shows that people in the capital consider southern Chilean Spanish to be variously affected by Mapudungun, have poor pronunciation, be of rural character and, in the case of Chilo, to be rich in archaisms.[12] The same study does also show a perception that the speech of northern Chile is influenced by the Spanish spoken in Peru and Bolivia.[12]